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THE HARVARD CLASSICS EDITED BY CHARLES W ELIOT LL D

AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

1000-1904

WITH INTRODUCTIONS, NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS

DR ELIOT'S FIVE-FOOT SHELF OF BOOKS'

P F COLLIER & SON NEW YORK

Copyright, 1910 By p. F. Collier & Son

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Designed, Printed, and Bound at

Cfje Collier l^reM, J^cto gorb

CONTENTS

FAGI

The Voyages to Vinland (c. iooo) 5

The Letter of Columbus to Luis de Sant Angel An- nouncing His Discovery (1493) 22

Amerigo Vespucci's Account of His First Voyage (1497). 29

John Ca ,ot's Discovery of North America (1497) ... 47

First Charter of Virginia (1606) 51

The Mayflower Compact (1620) 62

The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) . . . 63

The Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641) .... 70 Arbitrary Government Described and the Government of the Massachusetts Vindicated from that Aspersion,

BY John Winthrop (1644) 90

The Instrument of Government (1653) 113

A Healing Question, by Sir Henry Vane (1656) . . . 126

John Eliot's Brief Narrative (1670) 147

Declaration of Rights (1765) 157

The Declaration of Independence (1776) 160

The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence (1775) . 166

Articles of Confederation (1777) 168

Articles of Capitulation, Yorktown (1781) 180

Treaty with Great Britain (1783) 185

Constitution of the United States (1787) 192

The Federalist, Nos. i and 2 (1787) 212

Opinion of Chief Justice Marshall, in the Case of

McCulloch vs. the State of Maryland (1819) . . 222

Washington's First Inaugural Address (1789) .... 241

Treaty with the Six Nations (1794) 246

Washington's Farewell Address (1796) 250

Treaty with France (Louisiana Purchase) (1803) . . 267

Treaty with Great Britain (End of War of 1812) (1814) 273 Arrangement as to the Naval Force to be Respectively

Maintained on the American Lakes (i&r7) . . . 283

'iC XLIU (l) 1

2 CONTENTS

PACK

Treaty with Spain (Acquisition of Florida) (1819) . . 286

The Monroe Doctrine (1823) 296

Webster-Ashburton Treaty with Great Britain (1842) 299

Treaty with Mexico (1848) 309

Fugitive Slave Act (1850) ZV

Lincoln's First Inaugural Address (1861) ...... 334

Emancipation Proclamation (1863) 344

Haskell's Account of the Battle of Gettysburg .... 347

Lincoln's Gettysburg Address (1863) 441

Proclamation of Amnesty (1863) 442

Lincoln's Letter to Mrs. Bixby (1864) 446

Terms of Lee's Surrender at Appomattox (1865) . . . 447

Lee's Farewell to his Army (1865) 449

Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address (1865) 450

Proclamation Declaring the Insurrection at an End

(1866) 453

Treaty with Russia (Alaska Purchase) (1867) ... 459

Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands (1898) .... 464

Recognition of the Independence of Cuba (1898) . . . 467 Treaty with Spain (Cession of Porto Rico and the

Philippines) (1898) 469

Convention Between the United States and the Re- public OF Panama (1904) 478

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

No final history of the United States of America has been written, or is' likely to be written. Research is constantly bring- ing to light new facts that correct details or modify the tradi- tional view of larger questions; and the most impartial historian is subject to personal or sectional bias which leads to his works' being regarded as imperfect by another generation, or as unfair by the people of parts of the country other than his ozmi. In such a series as the present, then, it is unwise to represent the story of the growth of this nation by the summary of any one scholar.

The alternative has been to place before the reader a selection of the most important documents which record in contemporary terms the great events in the history of the country. Beginning with the personal records of the earliest discoverers of the continent, the selection goes on to present the first attempts at organising a machinery of government made by the first settlers of the New England colonies; proceeds to the landmarks of the struggle for independence and the formation of the Constitution; shows the laying of the foundation of national policies and of the inter- pretation of the Constitution; indicates by the texts of the treaties themselves the acquisition of each successive increase of terri- tory; and reveals by the original state papers the main causes and effects of the wars in which the country has from time to time been engaged. Read in succession, these documents afford a condensed view of the political progress of the American people; freed from any prejudice save that which swayed the makers of the history themselves.

AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

THE VOYAGES TO VINLAND

(c. looo)

[The following account of the discovery of North America by Leif Ericsson is contained in the "Saga of Eric the Red"; and the present translation is that made by A. M. Reeves from the version of the Saga in the Flateyar-hok, compiled by Jon Thordharson about 1387. The part of the coast where Leif landed is much in dispute, the most recent investigations tending to the southern part of the coast of Labrador, though many scholars believe Vinland to have been on the New England shore.]

Leif the Lucky Baptized

A FTER that sixteen winters had lapsed, from the time l\ when Eric the Red went to colonize Greenland, Leif, -*--^ Eric's son, sailed out from Greenland to Norway. He arrived in Drontheim in the autumn, when King Olaf Trygg- vason was come down from the North, out of Halagoland. Leif put into Nidaros with his ship, and set out at once to visit the king. King Olaf expounded the faith to him, as he did to other heathen men who came to visit him. It proved easy for the king to persuade Leif, and he was accordingly baptized, together with all of his shipmates. Leif remained throughout the winter with the king, by whom he was well entertained.

BiARNi Goes in Quest of Grm:nland

Heriulf was a son of Bard Heriulfsson. He was a kins- man of Ingolf, the first colonist. Ingolf allotted land to Heri- ulf between Vag and Reykianess, and he dwelt at first at Drepstokk. Heriulf's wife's name was Thorgerd, and their son, whose name was Biarni, was a most promising man. He

5

5 AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

formed an inclination for voyaging while he was still young, and he prospered both in property and public esteem. It was his custom to pass his winters alternately abroad and with his father. Biarni soon became the owner of a trading-ship; and during the last winter that he spent in Norway [his father] Heriulf determined to accompany Eric on his voyage to Greenland, and made his preparations to give up his farm. Upon the ship with Heriulf was a Christian man from the Hebrides, he it was who composed the Sea-Roller's Song, which contains this stave:

** Mine adventure to the Meek One,

Monk-heart-searcher, I commit now; He, who heaven's halls doth govern. Hold the hawk's-seat ever o*er me ! **

Heriulf settled at Heriulfsness, and was a most distinguished man. Eric the Red dwelt at Brattahlid, where he was held in the highest esteem, and all men paid him homage. These were Eric's children: Leif, Thorvald, and Thorstein, and a daughter whose name was Freydis ; she was wedded to a man named Thorvard, and they dwelt at Gardar, where the episco- pal seat now is. She was a very haughty woman, while Thor- vard was a man of little force of character, and Freydis had been wedded to him chiefly because of his wealth. At that time the people of Greenland were heathen.

Biarni arrived with his ship at Eyrar [in Iceland] in the summer of the same year, in the spring of which his father had sailed away. Biarni was much surprised when he heard this news, and would not discharge his cargo. His shipmates inquired of him what he intended to do, and he replied that it was his purpose to keep to his custom, and make his home for the winter with his father; "and I will take the ship to Greenland, if you will bear me company." They all replied that they would abide by his decision. Then said Biarni, " Our voyage must be regarded as foolhardy, seeing that no one of us has ever been in the Greenland Sea." Nevertheless, they put out to sea when they were equipped for the voyage, and sailed for three days, until the land was hidden by the water, and then the fair wind died out, and north winds arose, and fogs, and they knew not whither they were drift- ing, and thus it lasted for many " doegr." Then they saw the

AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS 7

sun again, and were able to determine the quarters of the heavens; they hoisted sail, and sailed that "doegr" through before they saw land. They discussed among themselves what land it could be, and Biarni said that he did not believe that it could be Greenland. They asked whether he wished to sail to this land or not. " It is my counsel" [said he] " to sail close to the land." They did so, and soon saw that the land was level, and covered with woods, and that there were small hillocks upon it. They left the land on their larboard, and let the sheet turn toward the land. They sailed for two " doegr" before they saw another land. They asked whether Biarni thought this was Greenland yet. He replied that he did not think this any more like Greenland than the for- mer, " because in Greenland there are said to be many great ice mountains." They soon approached this land, and saw that it was a flat and wooded country. The fair wind failed them then, and the crew took counsel together, and concluded that it would be wise to land there, but Biarni would not consent to this. They alleged that they were in need of both wood and water. " Ye have no lack of either of these," says Biarni, — a course, forsooth, which won him blame among his shipmates. He bade them hoist sail, which they did, and turn- ing the prow from the land they sailed out upon the high seas, with south-westerly gales, for three " dcegr," when they saw the third land; this land was high and mountainous, with ice mountains upon it. They asked Biarni then whether he would land there, and he replied that he was not disposed to do so, "because this land does not appear to me to offer any attractions." Nor did they lower their sail, but held their course off the land, and saw that it was an island. They left this land astern, and held out to sea with the same fair wind. The wind waxed amain, and Biarni directed them to reef, and not to sail at a speed unbefitting their ship and rigging. They sailed now for four " dcegr," when they saw the fourth land. Again they asked Biarni whether he thought this could be Greenland or not. Biarni answers, " This is likest Green- land, according to that which has been reported to me con- cerning it, and here we will steer to the land." They directed their course thither, and landed in the evening, below a cape upon which there was a boat, and there, upon this cape,

8 AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

dwelt Heriulf, Biarni's father, whence the cape took its name, and was afterward called Heriulfsness. Biarni now went to his father, gave up his voyaging, and remained with his father while Heriulf lived, and continued to live there after his father.

Here Begins the Brief History of the Greenlanders

Next to this is now to be told how Biarni Heriulf sson came out from Greenland on a visit to Earl Eric, by whom he was well received. Biarni gave an account of his travels [upon the occasion] when he saw the lands, and the people thought that he had been lacking in enterprise, since he had no report to give concerning these countries ; and the fact brought him reproach. Biarni was appointed one of the Earl's men, and went out to Greenland the following summer. There was now much talk about voyages of discovery. Leif, the son of Eric the Red, of Brattahlid, visited Biarni Heriulfsson and bought a ship of him, and collected a crew, until they formed altogether a company of thirty-five men. Leif invited his father, Eric, to become the leader of the expedition, but Eric declined, saying that he was then stricken in years, and adding that he was less able to endure the exposure of sea life than he had been. Leif replied that he would neverthe- less be the one who would be most apt to bring good luck, and Eric yielded to Leif's solicitation, and rode from home when they were ready to sail. When he was but a short distance from the ship, the horse which Eric was riding stumbled, and he was thrown from his back and wounded his foot, whereupon he exclaimed, " It is not designed for me to discover more lands than the one in which we are now living, nor can we now continue longer together." Eric returned home to Brattahlid, and Leif pursued his way to the ship with his companions, thirty-five men. One of the company was a German, named Tyrker. They put the ship in order; and, when they were ready, they sailed out to sea, and found first that land which Biarni and his shipmates found last. They sailed up to the land, and cast anchor, and launched a boat, and went ashore, and saw no grass there. Great ice moun- tains lay inland back from the sea, and it was as a [tableland

AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS 9

of] flat rock all the way from the sea to the ice mountains; and the country seemed to them to be entirely devoid of good qualities. Then said Leif, " It has not come to pass with us in regard to this land as with Biarni, that we have not gone upon it. To this country I will now give a name, and call it Helluland." They returned to the ship, put out to sea, and found a second land. They sailed again to the land, and came to anchor, and launched the boat, and went ashore. This was a level wooded land; and there were broad stretches of white sand where they went, and the land was level by the sea. Then said Leif, "This land shall have a name after its nature; and we will call it Markland." They returned to the ship forthwith, and sailed away upon the main with north-east winds, and were out two " doegr" before they sighted land. They sailed toward this land, and came to an island which lay to the northward off the land. There they went ashore and looked about them, the weather being fine, and they observed that there was dew upon the grass, and it so happened that they touched the dew with their hands, and touched their hands to their mouths, and it seemed to them that they had never before tasted anything so sweet as this. They went aboard their ship again and sailed into a certain sound, which lay between the island and a cape, which jutted out from the land on the north, and they stood in westering past the cape. At ebb-tide there were broad reaches of shallow water there, and they ran their ship aground there, and it was a long distance from the ship to the ocean ; yet were they so anxious to go ashore that they could not wait until the tide should rise under their ship, but hast- ened to the land, where a certain river flows out from a lake. As soon as the tide rose beneath their ship, however, they took the boat and rowed to the ship, which they conveyed up the river, and so into the lake, where they cast anchor and carried their hammocks ashore from the ship, and built them- selves booths there. They afterward determined to establish themselves there for the winter, and they accordingly built ? large house. There was no lack of salmon there either in the river or in the lake, and larger salmon than they had ever seen before. The country thereabouts seemed to be possessed of such good qualities that cattle would need no fodder there

10 AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

during the winters. There was no frost there in the winters, and the grass withered but little. The days and nights there were of more nearly equal length than in Greenland or Iceland. On the shortest day of winter, the sun was up be- tween * eykarstad " and ** dagmalastad." When they had com- pleted their house, Leif said to his companions, " I propose now to divide our company into two groups, and to set about an exploration of the country. One-half of our party shall remain at home at the house, while the other half shall in- vestigate the land ; and they must not go beyond a point from which they can return home the same evening, and are not to separate [from each other]. Thus they did for a time. Leif, himself, by turns joined the exploring party, or re- mained behind at the house. Leif was a large and powerful man, and of a most imposing bearing, — a man of sagacity, and a very just man in all things.

Leif the Lucky Finds Men Upon a Skerry at Sea

It was discovered one evening that one of their company was missing ; and this proved to be Tyrker, the German. Leif was sorely troubled by this, for Tyrker had lived with Leif and his father for a long time, and had been very devoted to Leif when he was a child. Leif severely reprimanded his companions, and prepared to go in search of him, taking twelve men with him. They had proceeded but a short dis- tance from the house, when they were met by Tyrker, whom they received most cordially. Leif observed at once that his foster-father was in lively spirits. Tyrker had a prominent forehead, restless eyes, small features, was diminutive in stature, and rather a sorry-looking individual withal, but was, nevertheless, a most capable handicraftsman. Leif addressed him, and asked, " Wherefore art thou so belated, foster- father mine, and astray from the others?'^ In the beginning Tyrker spoke for some time in German, rolling his eyes and grinning, and they could not understand him ; but after a time he addressed them in the Northern tongue : " I did not go much further [than you], and yet I have something of novelty to relate. I have found vines and grapes." " Is this indeed true, foster-father?" said Leif. " Of a certainty it is

AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS U

true," quoth he, " for I was born where there is no lack of either grapes or vines." They slept the night through, and on the morrow Leif said to his shipmates, " We will now divide our labors, and each day will either gather grapes or cut vines and fell trees, so as to obtain a cargo of these for my ship." They acted upon this advice, and it is said that their after-boat was filled with grapes. A cargo sufficient for the ship was cut, and when the spring came they made their ship ready, and sailed away ; and from its products Leif gave the land a name, and called it Wineland. They sailed out to sea, and had fair winds until they sighted Greenland and the fells below the glaciers. Then one of the men spoke up and said, "Why do you steer the ship so much into the wind?'* Leif answers : " I have my mind upon my steering, but on other matters as well. Do ye not see anything out of the common ?" They replied that they saw nothing strange. " I do not know," says Leif, "whether it is a ship or a skerry that I see." Now they saw it, and said that it must be a skerry; but he was so much keener of sight than they that he was able to discern men upon the skerry. " I think it best to tack," says Leif, " so that we may draw near to them, that we may be able to render them assistance if they should stand in need of it; and, if they should not be peaceably dis- posed, wc shall still have better command of the situation than they." They approached the skerry, and, lowering their sail, cast anchor, and launched a second small boat, which they had brought with them. Tyrker inquired who was the leader of the party. He replied that his name was Thori, and that he was a Norseman; "but what is thy name?" Leif gave his name. " Art thou a son of Eric the Red of Brattahlid?" says he. Leif responded that he was. " It is now my wish," says Leif, "to take you all into my ship, and likewise so much of your possessions as the ship will hold." This offer was accepted, and [with their ship] thus laden they held away to Ericsfirth, and sailed until they arrived at Brattahlid. Having discharged the cargo, Leif invited Thori, with his wife, Gudrid, and three others, to make their home with him, and procured quarters for the other members of the crew, both for his own and Thori's men. Leif rescued fifteen per- sons from the skerry. He was afterwards called Leif the

12 AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

Lucky. Leif had now goodly store both of property and honor. There was serious illness that winter in Thori's party, and Thori and a great number of his people died. Eric the Red also died that winter. There was now much talk about Leif's Wineland journey; and his brother, Thorvald, held that the country had not been sufficiently explored. Thereupon Leif said to Thorvald, " If it be thy will, brother, thou mayest go to Wineland with my ship ; but I wish the ship first to fetch the wood which Thori had upon the skerry." And so it was done.

Thorvald Goes to Wineland

Now Thorvald, with the advice of his brother, Leif, pre- pared to make this voyage with thirty men. They put their ship in order, and sailed out to sea; and there is no account of their voyage before their arrival at Leifs-booths in Wine- land. They laid up their ship there, and remained there quietly during the winter, supplying themselves with food by fishing. In the spring, however, Thorvald said that they should put their ship in order, and that a few men should take the after- boat, and proceed along the western coast, and explore [the region] thereabouts during the summer. They found it a fair, well-wooded country. It was but a short distance from the woods to the sea, and [there were] white sands, as well as great numbers of islands and shallows. They found neither dwelling of man nor lair of beast ; but in one of the westerly islands they found a wooden building for the shelter of grain. They found no other trace of human handiwork; and they turned back, and arrived at Leifs-booths in the autumn. The following summer Thorvald set out toward the east with the ship, and along the northern coast. They were met by a high wind off a certain promontory, and were driven ashore there, and damaged the keel of their ship, and were compelled to remain there for a long time and repair the injury to their vessel. Then said Thorvald to his companions, " I propose that we raise the keel upon this cape, and call it Keelness " ; and so they did. Then they sailed away to the eastward off the land and into the mouth of the adjoining firth and to a headland, which projected into the sea there, and which was

AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS 13

entirely covered with woods. They found an anchorage for their ship, and put out the gangway to the land ; and Thorvald and all of his companions went ashore. " It is a fair region here," said he ; " and here I should like to make my home." They then returned to the ship, and discovered on the sands, in beyond the headland, three mounds : they went up to these, and saw that they were three skin canoes with three men under each. They thereupon divided their party, and succeeded in seizing all of the men but one, who escaped with his canoe. They killed the eight men, and then ascended the headland again, and looked about them, and discovered within the firth certain hillocks, which they concluded must be habitations. They were then so overpowered with sleep that they could not keep awake, and all fell into a [heavy] slumber from which they were awakened by the sound of a cry uttered above them ; and the words of the cry were these : ''Awake, Thorvald, thou and all thy company, if thou wouldst save thy life; and board thy ship with all thy men, and sail with all speed from the land ! " A countless number of skin canoes then advanced toward them from the inner part of the firth, whereupon Thorvald exclaimed, " We must put out the war-boards on both sides of the ship, and defend ourselves to the best of our ability, but offer little attack." This they did; and the Skrellings, after they had shot at them for a time, fled precipitately, each as best he could. Thorvald then inquired of his men whether any of them had been wounded, and they informed him that no one of them had received a wound. "I have been wounded in my arm-pit," says he. " An arrow flew in between the gunwale and the shield, below my arm. Here is the shaft, and it will bring me to my end. I counsel you now to retrace your way with the utmost speed. But me ye shall convey to that headland which seemed to me to offer so pleasant a dwelling-place : thus it may be fulfilled that the truth sprang to my lips when I expressed the wish to abide there for a time. Ye shall bury me there, and place a cross at my head, and another at my feet, and call it Crossness forever after." At that time Christianity had obtained in Greenland: Eric the Red died, however, before [the introduc- tion of] Christianity.

Thorvald died; and, when they had carried out his injunc-

14 AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

tions, they took their departure, and rejoined their compan- ions, and they told each other of the experiences which had befallen them. They remained there during the winter, and gathered grapes and wood with which to freight the ship. In the following spring they returned to Greenland, and arrived with their ship in Ericsfirth, where they were able to recount great tidings to Leif.

Thorstein Ericsson Dies in the Western Settlement

In the mean time it had come to pass in Greenland that Thorstein of Ericsfirth had married, and taken to wife Gudrid, Thorbrion's daughter, [she] who had been the spouse of Thori Eastman, as has been already related. Now Thor- stein Ericsson, being minded to make the voyage to Wine- land after the body of his brother, Thorvald, equipped the same ship, and selected a crew of twenty-five men of good size and strength, and taking with him his wife, Gudrid, when all was in readiness, they sailed out into the open ocean, and out of sight of land. They were driven hither and thither over the sea all that summer, and lost all reckoning; and at the end of the first week of winter they made the land at Lysufirth in Greenland, in the Western settlement. Thor- stein set out in search of quarters for his crew, and succeeded in procuring homes for all of his shipmates; but he and his wife were unprovided for, and remained together upon the ship for two or more days. At this time Christianity was still in its infancy in Greenland. [Here follows the account of Thorstein's sickness and death in the winter.] . . . When he had thus spoken, Thorstein sank back again ; and his body was laid out for burial, and borne to the ship. Thorstein, the master, faithfully performed all his promises to Gudrid. He sold his lands and live stock in the spring, and accompanied Gudrid to the ship, with all his possessions. He put the ship in order, procured a crew, and then sailed for Ericsfirth. The bodies of the dead were now buried at the church ; and Gudrid then went home to Leif at Brattahlid, while Thorstein the Swarthy made a home for himself on Ericsfirth, and remained there as long as he lived, and was looked upon as a very superior man.

AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS 15

Of the Wineland Voyages of Thorfinn and His Com- panions

That same summer a ship came from Norway to Greenland. The skipper's name was Thorfinn Karlsefni. He was a son of Thord Horsehead, and a grandson of Snorri,the son of Thord of Hofdi. Thorfinn Karlsefni, who was a very wealthy man, passed the winter at Brattahlid with Leif Ericsson. He very soon set his heart upon Gudrid, and sought her hand in mar- riage. She referred him to Leif for her answer, and was sub- sequently betrothed to him ; and their marriage was celebrated that same winter. A renewed discussion arose concerning a Wineland voyage ; and the folk urged Karlsefni to make the venture, Gudrid joining with the others. He determined to undertake the voyage, and assembled a company of sixty men and five women, and entered into an agreement with his ship- mates that they should each share equally in all the spoils of the enterprise. They took with them all kinds of cattle, as it was their intention to settle the country, if they could. Karl- sefni asked Leif for the house in Wineland; and he replied that he would lend it, but not give it. They sailed out to sea with the ship, and arrived safe and sound at Leif s-booths, and carried their hammocks ashore there. They were soon pro- vided with an abundant and goodly supply of food; for a whale of good size and quality was driven ashore there, and they secured it, and flensed it, and had then no lack of pro- visions. The cattle were turned out upon the land, and the males soon became very restless and vicious: they had brought a bull with them. Karlsefni caused trees to be felled and to be hewed into timbers wherewith to load his ship, and the wood was placed upon a cliff to dry. They gathered some- what of all of the valuable products of the land, — grapes, and all kinds of game and fish, and other good things. In the summer succeeding the first winter Skrellings were discov- ered. A great troop of men came forth from out the woods. The cattle were hard by, and the bull began to bellow and roar with a great noise, whereat the Skrellings were fright- ened, and ran away with their packs, wherein were gray furs, sables, and all kinds of peltries. They fled towards Karl-

16 AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

sefni's dwelling, and sought to effect an entrance into the house ; but Karlsefni caused the doors to be defended [against them]. Neither [people] could understand the other's lan- guage. The Skrellings put down their bundles then, and loosed them, and offered their wares [for barter], and were especially anxious to exchange these for weapons ; but Karl- sefni forbade his men to sell their weapons, and, taking coun- sel with himself, he bade the women carry out milk to the Skrellings, which they no sooner saw than they wanted to buy it, and nothing else. Now the outcome of the Skrellings' trad- ing was that they carried their wares away in their stomachs, while they left their packs and peltries behind with Karlsefni and his companions, and, having accomplished this [ex- change], they went away. Now it is to be told that Karlsefni caused a strong wooden palisade to be constructed and set up around the house. It was at this time that Gudrid, Karlsefni's wife, gave birth to a male child, and the boy was called Snorri. In the early part of the second winter the Skrellings came to them again, and these were now much more numer- ous than before, and brought with them the same wares as at first. Then said Karlsefni to the women, " Do ye carry out now the same food which proved so profitable before, and nought else." When they saw this, they cast their packs in over the palisade. Gudrid was sitting within, in the doorway, beside the cradle of her infant son, Snorri, when a shadow fell upon the door, and a woman in a black namkirtle entered. She was short in stature, and wore a fillet about her head; her hair was of a light chestnut color, and she was pale of hue, and so big-eyed that never before had eyes so large been seen in a human skull. She went up to where Gudrid was seated, and said, "What is thy name?" "My name is Gudrid, but what is thy name?" "My name is Gudrid," says she. The housewife Gudrid motioned her with her hand to a seat be- side her ; but it so happened that at that very instant Gudrid heard a great crash, whereupon the woman vanished, and at that same moment one of the Skrellings, who had tried to seize their weapons, was killed by one of Karlsefni's follow- ers. At this the Skrellings fled precipitately, leaving their garments and wares behind them ; and not a soul, save Gudrid alone, beheld this woman. " Now we must needs take coun-

AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS 17

sel together," says Karlsef ni ; " for that I believe they will visit us a third time in great numbers, and attack us. Let us now adopt this plan. T^n of our number shall go out upon the cape, and show themselves there ; while the remainder of our company shall go into the woods and hew a clearing for our cattle, when the troop approaches from the forest. We will also take our bull, and let him go in advance of us." The lie of the land was such that the proposed meeting-place had the lake upon the one side and the forest upon the other. Karlsefni's advice was now carried into execution. Tht Skrellings advanced to the spot which Karlsefni had selected for the encounter; and a battle was fought there, in which great numbers of the band of the Skrellings were slain. There was one man among the Skrellings, of large size and fine bearing, whom Karlsefni concluded must be their chief. One of the Skrellings picked up an axe; and, having looked at it for a time, he brandished it about one of his companions, and hewed at him, and on the instant the man fell dead. There- upon the big man seized the axe ; and, after examining it for a moment, he hurled it as far as he could out into the sea. Then they fled helter skelter into the woods, and thus their in- tercourse came to an end. Karlsefni and his party remained there throughout the winter; but in the spring Karlsefni an- nounces that he is not minded to remain there longer, but will return to Greenland. They now made ready for the voyage, and carried away with them much booty in vines and grapes and peltries. They sailed out upon the high seas, and brought their ship safely to Ericsfirth, where they remained during the winter.

Freydis Causes the Brothers to be Put to. Death

There was now much talk about a Wineland voyage, for this was reckoned both a profitable and an honorable en- terprise. The same summer that Karlsefni arrived from Wineland a ship from Norway arrived in Greenland. This ship was commanded by two brothers, Helgi and Finnbogi, who passed the winter in Greenland. They were descended from an Icelandic family of the East-firths. It is now to be added that Freydis, Eric's daughter, set out from her home at

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Gardar, and waited upon the brothers, Helgi and Finnbogi, and invited them to sail with their vessel to Wineland, and to share with her equally all of the good things which they might succeed in obtaining there. To this they agreed, and she departed thence to visit her brother, Leif, and ask him to give her the house which he had caused to be erected in Wineland; but he made her the same answer [as that which he had given Karlsefni], saying that he would lend the house, but not give it. It was stipulated between Karlsefni and Freydis that each should have on ship-board thirty able- bodied men, besides the women; but Freydis immediately violated this compact by concealing five men more [than this number], and this the brothers did not discover before they arrived in Wineland. They now put out to sea, having agreed beforehand that they would sail in company, if possible, and, although they were not far apart from each other, the brothers arrived somewhat in advance, and carried their be- longings up to Leif's house. Now, when Freydis arrived, her ship was discharged and the baggage carried up to the house, whereupon Freydis exclaimed, " Why did you carry your baggage in here?" "Since we believed," said they, "that all promises made to us would be kept." " It was to me that Leif loaned the house," says she, " and not to you." Whereupon Helgi exclaimed, " We brothers cannot hope to rival thee in wrong dealing." They thereupon carried their baggage forth, and built a hut, above the sea, on the bank of the lake, and put all in order about it; while Freydis caused wood to be felled, with which to load her ship. The winter now set in, and the brothers suggested that they should amuse themselves by playing games. This they did for a time, until the folk began to disagree, when dissensions arose between them, and the games came to an end, and the visits between the houses ceased; and thus it continued far into the winter. One morning early Freydis arose from her bed and dressed herself, but did not put on her shoes and stockings. A heavy dew had fallen, and she took her husband's cloak, and wrapped it about her, and then walked to the brothers' house, and up to the door, which had been only partly closed by one of the men, who had gone out a short time before. She pushed the door open, and stood silently in the doorway for a time.

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Finnbogi, who was lying on the innermost side of the room, was awake, and said, " What dost thou wish here, Freydis ?" She answers, " I wish thee to rise and go out with me, for I would speak with thee." He did so; and they walked to a tree, which lay close by the wall of the house, and seated themselves upon it. " How art thou pleased here ?" says she. He answers, " I am well pleased with the fruitfulness of the land; but I am ill content with the breach which has come between us, for, methinks, there has been no cause for it/' " It is even as thou sayest," says she, " and so it seems to me ; but my errand to thee is that I wish to exchange ships with you brothers, for that ye have a larger ship than I, and I wish to depart from here." "To this I must accede," says he, "if it is thy pleasure." Therewith they parted ; and she returned home and Finnbogi to his bed. She climbed up into bed, and awakened Thorvard with her cold feet ; and he asked her why she was so cold and wet. She answered with great passion : " I have been to the brothers," says she, " to try to buy their ship, for I wished to have a larger vessel; but they received my overtures so ill that they struck me and handled me very roughly; what time thou, poor wretch, wilt neither avenge my shame nor thy own; and I find, perforce, that I am no longer in Greenland. Moreover I shall part from thee unless thou wreakest vengeance for this." And now he could stand her taunts no longer, and ordered the men to rise at once and take their weapons ; and this they yield. And they then proceeded directly to the house of the brothers, and entered it while the folk were asleep, and seized and bound them, and led each one out when he was bound; and, as they came out, Freydis caused each one to be slain. In this wise all of the men were put to death, and only the women were left; and these no one would kill. At this Freydis exclaimed, " Hand me an axe." This was done; and she fell upon the five women, and left them dead. They returned home after this dreadful deed; and it was very evident that Freydis was well content with her work. She addressed her companions, saying, " If it be ordained for us to come again to Greenland, I shall contrive the death of any man who shall speak of these events. We must give it out that we left them living bere when we came away." Early in the spring they equipped

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the ship which had belonged to the brothers, and freighted it with all of the products of the land which they could obtain, and which the ship would carry. Then they put out to sea, and after a prosperous voyage arrived with their ship in Ericsfirth early in the summer. Karlsefni was there, with his ship all ready to sail, and was awaiting a fair wind; and people say that a ship richer laden than that which he com- manded never left Greenland.

Concerning Freydis

Freydis now went to her home, since it had remained un- harmed during her absence. She bestowed liberal gifts upon all of her companions, for she was anxious to screen her guilt. She now established herself at her home; but her companions were not all so close-mouthed concerning their misdeeds and wickedness that rumors did not get abroad at last. These finally reached her brother, Leif, and he thought it a most shameful story. He thereupon took three of the men, who had been of Freydis' party, and forced them all at the same time to a confession of the affair, and their stories entirely agreed. " I have no heart," says Leif, " to punish my sister, Freydis, as she deserves, but this I predict of them, that there is little prosperity in store for their offspring." Hence it came to pass that no one from that time forward thought them worthy of aught but evil. It now remains to take up the story from the time when Karlsefni made his ship ready, and sailed out to sea. He had a successful voyage, and arrived in Norway safe and sound. He remained there during the winter, and sold his wares ; and both he and his wife were received with great favor by the most distinguished men of Norway. The following spring he put his ship in order for the voyage to Iceland; and when all his preparations had been made, and his ship was lying at the wharf, awaiting favorable winds, there came to him a Southerner, a native of Bremen in the Saxonland, who wished to buy his "house-neat." " I do not wish to sell it," says he. "I will give thee half a *m6rk' in gold for it," says the Southerner. This Karlsefni thought a good offer, and accordingly closed the bargain. The South- erner went his way with the "house-neat," and Karlsefni